Chapter 12.

What I thought was the most interesting was the pastoral peoples: Central Asia and west Africa.  These people had long impinged more directly and dramatically on civilizations than did hunting and gathering or agriculture village societies. The mongol incursion along with the enormous empire to which it gave rise, was one in a long series of challenges from the steppes, but it was not quite the last. In Africa pastoral peoples stayed independent of established empires several centuries longer than those of inner Asia, for not until the late 19th century. I thought it was cool to learn and read about these people.

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